Influenza: Understanding, Prevention and Treatment

I'm a family physician and medical director of French origin, having completed my schooling and practiced in France before settling in Quebec. My goal is to help you better understand health issues. Today, we're tackling a seasonal topic: the flu, also known as influenza.

What is influenza?

Influenza is a contagious viral infection that mainly affects the upper respiratory tract, notably the nose, throat and sometimes the lungs. It is caused by influenza viruses, mainly types A and B. Flu symptoms can vary, but often include:

- Sudden fever

- Dry cough

- Sore throats

- Muscle and joint pain

- Intense fatigue

- Headaches

How is influenza transmitted?

The flu virus is transmitted mainly by respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus, and then by touching one's face.

Diagnosis of influenza

The diagnosis of influenza is generally based on clinical symptoms. However, to confirm the diagnosis, specific tests can be used, such as :

1Rapid antigen detection tests: These tests can provide results in 10 to 15 minutes and are often used in clinics and hospitals.

2Molecular tests (PCR): These tests are more precise and can identify specific strains of influenza virus. They generally require a sample to be sent to a laboratory, and results can take from a few hours to a few days.

3Viral culture: Although less commonly used because of the time required to obtain results, viral culture can be useful for monitoring influenza strains.

Diagnostic tests are generally reserved for people at risk, those with severe symptoms, or for epidemiological reasons, in order to monitor and control the spread of the virus.

Influenza prevention

Prevention is essential to reduce the spread of influenza. Here are some effective measures:

1Vaccination: The flu vaccine is the most effective way of preventing influenza. Vaccination is recommended every year, as flu viruses are constantly evolving.

2Hand hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

3Respiratory etiquette: Use a handkerchief or elbow to cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.

4Avoid close contact: Avoid close contact with sick people and stay at home if you are ill.

Treatment of influenza

If you do catch the flu, there are several things you can do to help relieve symptoms and speed recovery:

1)Rest: Get enough rest to help your body fight the infection.

2)Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

3Medication: Antiviral medications can be prescribed to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, especially if taken within the first 48 hours of symptom onset. Analgesics and antipyretics, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help relieve fever and pain.

Criteria for antiviral treatment

Antivirals such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) can help reduce the duration and severity of flu symptoms. They are particularly useful for preventing serious complications in certain at-risk populations. Here are the criteria for taking antivirals:

1People at high risk of complications: Antivirals are recommended for individuals at high risk of influenza-related complications, including:

- Children under 5, especially those under 2.

- Adults aged 65 and over.

- Pregnant women and women who have given birth within two weeks.

- People with chronic illnesses (asthma, diabetes, heart disease, etc.).

- Immunocompromised people (HIV, immunosuppressive treatments, etc.).

2Severe symptoms or complications: Antivirals can be prescribed for people with severe flu symptoms, such as pneumonia, or those requiring hospitalization.

3.early start of treatment: Antivirals are most effective when administered within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. However, they may still be beneficial for high-risk individuals even if treatment is started after this time.

4Exposure to influenza: Antivirals can be used prophylactically to prevent influenza in high-risk individuals who have been exposed to the virus.

Precautions and side effects

Antivirals can cause certain side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, headaches and breathing difficulties (in the case of zanamivir). It's important to discuss the potential benefits and risks with your doctor before starting antiviral treatment.

Conclusion

Influenza is a common but potentially serious illness. By understanding modes of transmission and prevention measures, as well as knowing how to treat symptoms, you can better protect your health and that of those around you. If you think you may be at risk, or if you develop severe symptoms, consult your doctor promptly to determine whether antiviral treatment is appropriate for you.

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