Whooping cough in Quebec: Understanding and preventing this disease

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious bacterial infection that mainly affects the respiratory tract. Although vaccination has considerably reduced its incidence, pertussis remains a public health concern, particularly in Quebec. This article explores the key aspects of pertussis, its impact in Quebec, and the preventive measures to be adopted.

What is pertussis?

Whooping cough is caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. It is characterized by violent, uncontrollable coughing fits that can make breathing difficult. The disease usually begins with cold-like symptoms, such as a runny nose, low-grade fever and mild cough, but quickly progresses to severe coughing fits.

Symptoms and Complications

The symptoms of pertussis evolve in three phases:

1.catarrhal phase (1 to 2 weeks): Resembles a cold, with a mild cough, runny nose and low-grade fever.

2.paroxysmal phase (1 to 6 weeks): Violent, repetitive coughing, followed by a "crowing" sound when the patient resumes breathing.

3Convalescence phase (2 to 3 weeks): The cough begins to improve, but attacks may persist for weeks or months.

Pertussis can lead to serious complications, particularly in infants and young children, such as pneumonia, convulsions and, in rare cases, death.

Contagion time

-Untreated: Whooping cough is most contagious in the first two weeks after the onset of paroxysmal coughing, but the person may remain contagious until about three weeks after the onset of coughing fits.

-With treatment: The administration of antibiotics (such as azithromycin) reduces the period of contagion to around five days after the start of treatment.

Eviction time (Quarantine)

-Untreated: People with pertussis should be quarantined for 21 days from the onset of paroxysmal cough.

-With treatment: Quarantine can be reduced to 5 days after the start of antibiotic treatment.

Pertussis situation in Quebec

Quebec has seen a significant reduction in pertussis cases thanks to a robust vaccination program. However, occasional epidemics continue to occur, highlighting the importance of vigilance and ongoing vaccination. In 2019, for example, an epidemic was reported in certain regions of Quebec, reminding us of the need to maintain high vaccination coverage.

In 2024, Quebec is experiencing a significant increase in pertussis cases. Since the beginning of the year, over 6,000 cases have been reported in the province, well above the usual annual average of between 240 and 1,600 cases. The Estrie and Chaudière-Appalaches regions are particularly hard hit, with 810 and 948 cases respectively reported to date.

Prevention and Vaccination

Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure against whooping cough. The DPTa vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) is given to children in several doses from the age of 2 months. Boosters are also important for maintaining immunity, especially in teenagers and adults, as the immunity conferred by vaccination weakens over time.

Prevention Tips

-Vaccinations: Make sure you and your children are up to date with your vaccinations.

-Hygiene: Wash your hands regularly and avoid close contact with sick people.

-Medical consultation: Consult a physician if you or your child develop symptoms of pertussis.

Conclusion

Pertussis is a serious but preventable disease, thanks to vaccination and good hygiene. In Quebec, although the situation is generally under control, ongoing efforts are needed to prevent epidemics and protect vulnerable populations. Vigilance, vaccination and education are the keys to keeping pertussis at bay.

If you have a cough and think you may have whooping cough, we suggest you book an appointment directly on our website allodocteur.ca.